The Phytochemistry, Ethnobotanical, and Pharmacological Potentials of the Medicinal Plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf)

Vernonia amygdalina is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea, fungal and bacterial infections, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, its squeezed juice can be applied on wounds. This study reviewed the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacological, pharmacological potentials V. amygdalina. Literature search relevant papers (1994-2021) were performed using ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley PubMed databases. For this review study, only publications written in English utilized. The bioactive compounds extracted from includes 6β,10β,14β trimethylheptadecan-15 α-olyl-15-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,5 β olide, glucuronolactone, 11 α-hydroxyurs-5,12-dien-28-oic acid-3 α,25-olide, 10-geranilanyl-O-β-D-xyloside, 1-heneicosenol O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, luteolin (3´,4´,5,7tetrahydroxyflavone), vernolide, hydroxyvernolide, 3′-deoxyvernodalol , vernodalol, diterpene (ingenol-3-angelate), vernomygdin, 4-methylumbelliferone, cephantharin, cryptolepine, isocryptolepine, neocryptolepine, courmarins, vernolepin, vernoniosides. Various vivo vitro studies revealed that components possess activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective,antidiarrheal, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective activities. demonstrated therapeutic effects against wide diseases. efficacy ameliorating attributed antioxidant activity ability improve system. Despite vast amygdalina, more human clinical trials are needed identify effective safe doses for treatment various